চাঁদে স্থাপিত সর্বশেষ মানব মিশনটি ছিলো অ্যাপোলো ১৭। যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের সরকারি স্পেস এজেন্সি NASA-র এই মিশনের মহাকাশচারীরা ১৯৭২ সালে সর্বমোট ২১৯৬টি চাঁদের পাথরের নমুনা পৃথিবীতে নিয়ে এসেছিলেন। চলতি মাসে উক্ত সংস্থার একদল গবেষক পঞ্চাশ বছর ধরে বায়ুশূন্য টিউবে সংরক্ষিত পাথরের নমুনা খুলতে যাচ্ছেন। নভোচারী ইউজিন সারনান এবং হ্যারিসন জ্যাক স্মিট চাঁদের পৃষ্ঠে 14-ইঞ্চি টিউবে চাঁদের কিছু পাথর ও মাটির নমুনা সংগ্রহ করেছিলেন আজ থেকে প্রায় পঞ্চাশ বছর আগে, ১৯৭২ সালের ডিসেম্বর মাসে। সেই সময়, কিছু টিউব বায়ুশূন্য করে সিল করে রাখা হয় কিছু বছর পর আধুনিক প্রযুক্তি দ্বারা গবেষণার জন্য। এখন, হিউস্টনে নাসার জনসন স্পেস সেন্টারের বিজ্ঞানীরা প্রথম টিউবটি খুলতে চলেছেন যা ১৯৭২ এর অ্যাপোলো ১৭ মিশনের পর থেকে সিলবদ্ধ ছিল।
কেন তাঁরা এতো বছর অপেক্ষা করলেন? উত্তরটা আসলে বেশ সোজাসাপ্টা। তাঁরা জানতেন পরবর্তী অর্ধ শতাব্দিতে মানবতা অনেক অগ্রগতি অর্জন করবে এবং তারা সেই সম্ভাবনাকে পুঁজি করতে চেয়েছিলেন। “এজেন্সি জানত আগামী বছরগুলোতে বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তি বিকশিত হবে এবং ভবিষ্যতে নতুন প্রশ্নের সমাধান করার জন্য নতুন উপায়ে উপাদানগুলো অধ্যয়ন করতে পারবে বিজ্ঞানীরা,” NASA এর প্ল্যানেটারি সায়েন্স ডিভিশনের ডিরেক্টর লরি গ্লেজ বলেছেন।
এই নমুনাটি বিশেষভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। ১৯৭২ সালে যখন মহাকাশচারীরা চাঁদের পৃষ্ঠ থেকে নমুনা সংগ্রহ করেছিলেন, তখন পাত্রটি অত্যন্ত ঠান্ডা ছিল। তাই আশা করা হয় নমুনাটিতে উদ্বায়ী পদার্থ রয়েছে – বরফ এবং কার্বন ডাই অক্সাইডের মতো, যা স্বাভাবিক তাপমাত্রায় বাষ্পীভূত হয়। নমুনাগুলিতে এই গ্যাসগুলির প্রাদুর্ভাব খুব কম বলে আশা করা হচ্ছে, তাই বিজ্ঞানীরা গ্যাস সংগ্রহের জন্য সেন্ট লুইসের ওয়াশিংটন ইউনিভার্সিটির একটি দল দ্বারা ডিজাইন করা ম্যানিফোল্ড নামক একটি বিশেষ ডিভাইস ব্যবহার করছেন। ইউরোপীয় স্পেস এজেন্সি (ESA) দ্বারা “অ্যাপোলো ক্যান ওপেনার” নামে একটি যন্ত্র ডিজাইন করা হয়েছে যা গ্যাসগুলিকে ক্যাপচার করার জন্য কাজে লাগানো হবে।
গবেষকরা যদি নমুনা থেকে এই গ্যাসগুলি আলাদা করতে পারেন, তবে তারা আধুনিক স্পেকট্রোমেট্রি সরঞ্জামের সাহায্যে তা অধ্যয়ন করতে পারবেন- এটি গবেষকদের চাঁদের ভূতাত্ত্বিক ইতিহাসের মূল্যবান অন্তর্দৃষ্টি প্রদান করবে বলে আশাবাদী। “বিশ্লেষিত প্রতিটি গ্যাস উপাদান চাঁদে এবং প্রাথমিক সৌরজগতের মধ্যে উদ্বায়ী পদার্থের উৎপত্তি এবং বিবর্তন সম্পর্কিত তত্ত্বের একটি কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অংশ জানতে আমাদের সাহায্য করতে পারে,” ESA বিজ্ঞানী ফ্রান্সেসকা ম্যাকডোনাল্ড, NASA-এর সাথে যৌথ প্রকল্পে একটি বিবৃতিতে বলেছেন।
নমুনা পরীক্ষা করার সতর্কতামূলক প্রক্রিয়া শুরু হয়ে গিয়েছে। বাইরের সিল করা অংশটি খোলা হয়েছে কিন্তু ভেতরেরটি এখনো অক্ষত রয়েছে। বিজ্ঞানীরা প্রথমে নমুনা টিউবটি ছিদ্র করবেন এবং আটকে থাকা গ্যাসগুলি সংগ্রহ করবেন। গ্যাস সংগ্রহের পর চাঁদের মাটি ও শিলা অপসারণ করা হবে। বিজ্ঞানীরা এ বছর বসন্তের শেষের দিকে এটি করার পরিকল্পনা করেছেন। নমুনাটি সংগ্রহ করা হয়েছিলো চাঁদের টরাস-লিট্রো উপত্যকায় ভূমিধসের স্থান থেকে। কিন্তু চাঁদে যেহেতু বৃষ্টি হয় না, তাই সেখানে ভূমিধসের কারণ সেখানে এখনো জানা যায়নি। অ্যাপোলোর ডেপুটি কিউরেটর গ্রোস আশা করছেন এই নমুনা অধ্যয়ন তা জানতে সাহায্য করবে। এরপরে, শুধুমাত্র তিনটি চন্দ্র নমুনা এখনও সিল করা থাকবে। সেগুলো কবে খোলা হবে? “আমি সন্দেহ করি আমরা আরও 50 বছর অপেক্ষা করব,” সিনিয়র কিউরেটর রায়ান জেইগলার নিজের অনুভূতি ব্যক্ত করেছেন।
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