আমরা জানি, প্রকৃতির মৌলিক বল চারটি। পঞ্চম মৌলিক বল নামেও আরেকটি মৌলিক বল উঁকি দিচ্ছে আমাদের বিজ্ঞানীদের গবেষণায়। সেই মৌলিক বল আবিষ্কারের আরও একধাপ এগিয়ে গেলেন সার্নের গবেষকেরা।
আমরা প্রকৃতির যে চারটা মৌলিক বলের কথা জানি তারা হল, মহাকর্ষ বল, তড়িৎ-চৌম্বকীয় বল , দুর্বল নিউল্কীয় বল, সবল নিউক্লীয় বল। ষ্ট্যান্ডার্ড মডেলে আমাদের আবিষ্কৃত সকল মৌলিক কণিকার ঠাই হয়েছে। ষ্ট্যন্ডার্ড মডেলের দিকে চোখ বুলালে দেখা যাবে যে, এই চারটি মৌলিক বলের জন্য চারটি আলাদা বলবাহী কণা বা বোসন রয়েছে। তড়িৎ-চৌম্বকীত বলের জন্য ফোটন, সবল নিউক্লীয় বলের জন্য গ্লুয়ন, দুর্বল নিউক্লীয় বলের জন্য W এবং Z বোসন এবং সবশেষে গ্র্যাভিটির জন্য গ্র্যভিটন। এই বোসন কণা সূমহের নামকরণ হয়েছে বাঙালি বিজ্ঞানী সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ বসুর নামে।
এই চারটি মৌলিক বলের দ্বারাই আমাদের প্রকৃতির সমস্ত ক্রিয়া-কলাপ ব্যাখা করা যাচ্ছিল।
তবে ঝামেলা বাধে ২০১৫ সালে, যখন হাঙ্গেরির একদল গবেষক লিথিয়াম পদার্থ টার্গেট করে প্রোটন কণার বিম ছুড়ে মারেন এবং তারা আশ্চর্যজনকভাবে বেরিলিয়াম-৮ (ভরসংখ্যা) এবং ইলেকট্রন-পজিট্রন (ইলেকট্রনের প্রতিকণা) পেয়ার আবিষ্কার করেন। গবেষকরা মোটেও এটাকে ষ্ট্যান্ডার্ড মডেলের দ্বারা ব্যাখা করতে পারেন নি। এই ঘটনাকে ব্যাখার জন্য ইলেকট্রনের ৩২ গুণ ভারী এক কণাকে কল্পনা করে নেওয়া হয় এবং এই কণা পদার্থবিজ্ঞানের অনেক জটিল সমস্যার সমধান দিতে পারে থিওরিটিক্যালি। এই কণাকে এখন পঞ্চম মৌলিক বলের কণা হিসেবে ধরা হয়।
এভাবেই বিজ্ঞান মহলে পঞ্চম মৌলিক বলের ধারণা শুরু।
ছবি: CERN
আমরা ষ্ট্যান্ডার্ড মডেলে মৌলিক কণিকাদের বসিয়েছি। তবে অনেক কারণেই এই ষ্ট্যান্ডার্ড মডেল এখনো পরিপূর্ণ কোন মডেল নয়। কারণ, এখনো ষ্ট্যান্ডার্ড মডেল মহাকর্ষকে ব্যাখাকারী কণার অস্তিত্ব প্রমাণ করতে পারেনি। ডার্ক ম্যাটারের কোন ব্যাখাও নেই এই মডেলের কাছে। আরও অনেক কারণেই এক্সপার্টরা মনে করেন এই মডেলে আরও কণা যুক্ত হবার সম্ভাবনাই বেশি। তাই পঞ্চম মৌলিক বল থাকার সম্ভাবনাও অনেক বেশি।
সম্প্রীতি, সার্নের গবেষনায় আমরা পঞ্চম মৌলিক বল আবিষ্কারের আরও একধাপ সামনে এগিয়ে গেছি। যদিও সাম্প্রতিক গবেষণার নতুন ফলাফলগুলি এখনও পিয়ার রিভিউ প্রক্রিয়াটি সম্পূর্ণ করতে হবে।
ষ্ট্যান্ডার্ড মডেলে বিউটি (বটম) কোয়ার্ক নামে একটা কোয়ার্ক আছে। বিউটি কোয়ার্ক খুবই অস্থিতিশীল, খুব তাড়াতাড়ি অন্য কণায় পরিণত হয়। বিউটি কোয়ার্ক সাধারণত ইলেক্ট্রন-মিউয়ন বিকিরণ কবে। তবে মিউয়ন ইলেক্ট্রনেরই বড় ভাই জাতীয় কণা। মিউয়ন আর ইলেকট্রন একই জিনিস, তবে মিউয়নের এর ভর শুধুমাত্র ইলেকট্রনের থেকে ২০০ গুণ ভারী। আমাদের জানামতে,এই ক্ষয় হয় দুর্বল নিউক্লিয় বল দ্বারা যেখানে ইলেকট্রন আর মিউয়নের ক্ষয়ের হার প্রায় সমান থাকে। তবে সার্নের এই পরিক্ষায় মিউয়ন ছিল প্রায় ৮৫%। কিভাবে এই পরিমাণ মিউয়ন এল? এই পরিমাণ মিউয়নের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় শক্তি জোগান দিতে পারে পঞ্চম মৌলিক বল। এখানেই আবার সেই পঞ্চম বলের ধারণা ব্যবহার করা হচ্ছে। কারণ, দুর্বল নিউক্লিয় বল দিয়ে এই ঘটনার ব্যাখা প্রদান মোটেও সম্ভব না।
এখন কণাপদার্থবিজ্ঞানে কোন কিছু আবিষ্কারে স্মীকৃতি পেতে হলে তাঁর ত্রুটির মান অনেক কম হতে হয়। এই ক্ষেত্রে ত্রুটির মান হাজারে একটা। যদিও স্বাভাবিকভাবে এটাকে কিছুই মনে হচ্ছেনা। তবে এটা অনেক বড় মান কণা পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে। তাই, এখন আমাদের কাজ এই ত্রুটির মান আরও কম করে আবিষ্কারটাকে নিশ্চিত করা। তাহলেই আবিষ্কার হয়ে যাবে পঞ্চম বল।
এই পরীক্ষার দ্বারা আরও একধাপ এগিয়ে গেল পঞ্চম মৌলিক বলের আবিষ্কার।
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